Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Functionalized Nanoplastics (NPs) Increase the Toxicity of Metals in Fish Cell Lines

doi: 10.3390/ijms22137141

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of the functionalized polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics (NPs). ( A ) Size (nm), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta (ζ) potential mean values of the functionalized NPs, measured by DLS, ± SEM ( n = 3) are presented. ( B ) Representative transmission electron microscopy images of the functionalized polystyrene NPs in a complete culture medium. Scale bar: 200 nm.

Article Snippet: We used three types of commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP; 50 nm): (PS-Plain) or functionalized with carboxyl (PS-COOH) or amine (PS-NH 2 ) groups (Polysciences and Bangs Laboratories).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Functionalized Nanoplastics (NPs) Increase the Toxicity of Metals in Fish Cell Lines

doi: 10.3390/ijms22137141

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytotoxicity of SaB-1 cells exposed to functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH 2 , PS-COOH and PS-Plain) for 24 h. Representative confocal fluorescence microscopy images of unexposed SaB-1 cells ( A ) or exposed to 12 μg mL −1 of red PS-COOH for 24 h ( D ). Blue and red fluorescence indicate cellular DNA (DAPI) and PS-COOH (Micromer ® -redF), respectively. Scale bar is fixed at 10 µm. Representative phase contrast microscope images of SaB-1 cell cultures unexposed ( B ; Control) or exposed for 24 h to 12 µg mL −1 of PS-NH 2 ( C ), PS-COOH ( E ) or PS-Plain ( F ). Scale bar represents 100 μm. ( G ). Cytotoxicity curves of SaB-1 cells exposed to functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics. Percent cell viability is calculated as percentage of the control or unexposed cells ( n = 3) and lines represent the fitted curves.

Article Snippet: We used three types of commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP; 50 nm): (PS-Plain) or functionalized with carboxyl (PS-COOH) or amine (PS-NH 2 ) groups (Polysciences and Bangs Laboratories).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Microscopy, Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Functionalized Nanoplastics (NPs) Increase the Toxicity of Metals in Fish Cell Lines

doi: 10.3390/ijms22137141

Figure Lengend Snippet: Values of LC 10 , LC 50 , LC 90 and R 2 calculated after exposure of SaB-1 cells for 24 h to functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH 2 , PS-COOH and PS-Plain) or metals (As and MeHg) alone or metals in combination with 1 µg mL −1 of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH 2 , PS-COOH and PS-Plain) ( n = 3). LCs were calculated through interpolation of a nonlinear regression with a four-parameter dose-response curve. Student’s t test was applied to compare two fitted curves. p -value was established at 0.05. LC, lethal concentration; PS, polystyrene; NP, polystyrene nanoplastics; As, arsenic; MeHg, methylmercury; ND, not detected.

Article Snippet: We used three types of commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP; 50 nm): (PS-Plain) or functionalized with carboxyl (PS-COOH) or amine (PS-NH 2 ) groups (Polysciences and Bangs Laboratories).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Significance Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Functionalized Nanoplastics (NPs) Increase the Toxicity of Metals in Fish Cell Lines

doi: 10.3390/ijms22137141

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptional profile of SaB-1 cells exposed to 1 (grey bars) or 12 (black bars) µg mL −1 of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2, PS-COOH and PS-Plain) for 24 h. Data are presented as mean fold change of the relative gene expression in NP-exposed cells compared to unexposed cells ± SEM ( n = 3). Different lowercase and uppercase letters denote significant differences between functionalized NPs at 1 µg mL −1 or 12 µg mL −1 , respectively whilst significant differences between the two concentrations are noted by asterisks, according to ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests ( p < 0.05). PS, polystyrene; NP, polystyrene nanoplastics; mta , Metallothionein A; bcl2 , Bcl-2-associated X protein; bax , B-cell lymphoma 2; nrf2 , Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; cat , Catalase; gr , Glutathione reductase; gsta , Glutathione S-transferase A.

Article Snippet: We used three types of commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP; 50 nm): (PS-Plain) or functionalized with carboxyl (PS-COOH) or amine (PS-NH 2 ) groups (Polysciences and Bangs Laboratories).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Derivative Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Functionalized Nanoplastics (NPs) Increase the Toxicity of Metals in Fish Cell Lines

doi: 10.3390/ijms22137141

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of ANOVA results of the transcription of genes in SaB-1 cells upon 24 h exposure to 1 µg mL −1 or 12 µg mL −1 (LC 50 ) of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH 2 , PS-COOH and PS-Plain) alone, to sublethal or LC 50 dosages of metals (As and MeHg) alone or to 1 µg mL −1 functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics in combination with sublethal or LC 50 dosages of each metal (e.g., As + PS-COOH). Values of p < 0.05 are highlighted in italics. Asterisks (*) indicate the factors for which the interaction is evaluated. ANOVA, analysis of variance; LC, lethal concentration; NP, polystyrene nanoplastic; mta , Metallothionein A; bcl2 , Bcl-2-associated X protein; bax , B-cell lymphoma 2; nrf2 , Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; cat , Catalase; gr , Glutathione reductase; gsta , Glutathione S-transferase A.

Article Snippet: We used three types of commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP; 50 nm): (PS-Plain) or functionalized with carboxyl (PS-COOH) or amine (PS-NH 2 ) groups (Polysciences and Bangs Laboratories).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Functionalized Nanoplastics (NPs) Increase the Toxicity of Metals in Fish Cell Lines

doi: 10.3390/ijms22137141

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combined effects and interactions between functionalized NPs and metals As and MeHg. Cytotoxicity curves of SaB-1 cells exposed to metals As ( A ) and MeHg ( B ) alone or in combination with 1 µg mL −1 of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH 2 , PS-COOH and PS-Plain) for 24 h. Percent of cell viability ( n = 3) is calculated as a percentage of the control or unexposed cells while lines are the fitted curves. The transcriptional profile of SaB-1 cells exposed to sublethal (grey bars) or LC 50 (black bars) dosages of metals As ( C ) and MeHg ( D ) alone for 24 h. Data are presented as mean fold change of the relative gene expression in metal-exposed cells compared to unexposed cells ± SEM ( n = 3). Differences between concentrations are marked with different letters according to ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests ( p < 0.05). Heat-map of the transcriptional profile of SaB-1 cells exposed to sublethal or LC 50 dosages of metals (As or MeHg) in combination with 1 µg mL −1 of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH 2 , PS-COOH and PS-Plain) ( E ) for 24 h. Mean fold change of the transcription in SaB-1 cells exposed to metals combined with NPs respect to the transcription in SaB-1 cells exposed to metals alone is presented ( n = 3). Asterisks denote statistically significant differences between cells exposed to metals alone and cells exposed to combined metals and NPs. PS, polystyrene; NP, polystyrene nanoplastics; mta , Metallothionein A; bcl2 , Bcl-2-associated X protein; bax , B-cell lymphoma 2; nrf2 , Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; cat , Catalase; gr , Glutathione reductase; gsta , Glutathione S-transferase A.

Article Snippet: We used three types of commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP; 50 nm): (PS-Plain) or functionalized with carboxyl (PS-COOH) or amine (PS-NH 2 ) groups (Polysciences and Bangs Laboratories).

Techniques: Control, Gene Expression, Derivative Assay

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Polystyrene Nanoplastics Can Alter the Toxicological Effects of Simvastatin on Danio rerio

doi: 10.3390/toxics9030044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies assessing the biological effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPls) to zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).

Article Snippet: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/3/44/s1 , Table S1: Reference/calculated data of the selected functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics dispersion from the certificated sheet of the Bangs Laboratories, Inc.; Figure S1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics stock dispersion (at 0.001%); Figure S2: Schematic and microscopic visualization of embryo development of Danio rerio for 96 h, when exposed to control, solvent control, single and dual combinations of SIM and polystyrene NPls.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, Gene Expression, Modification

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Polystyrene Nanoplastics Can Alter the Toxicological Effects of Simvastatin on Danio rerio

doi: 10.3390/toxics9030044

Figure Lengend Snippet: At 0 and 96 h, hydrodynamic size and zeta potential average values of the polystyrene nanoplastics in the stock dispersion (at 0.001%) and in the medium used in the bioassays, at the tested concentrations (in the absence and presence of organisms and in combination with simvastatin (SIM)).

Article Snippet: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/3/44/s1 , Table S1: Reference/calculated data of the selected functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics dispersion from the certificated sheet of the Bangs Laboratories, Inc.; Figure S1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics stock dispersion (at 0.001%); Figure S2: Schematic and microscopic visualization of embryo development of Danio rerio for 96 h, when exposed to control, solvent control, single and dual combinations of SIM and polystyrene NPls.

Techniques: Zeta Potential Analyzer, Dispersion

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Polystyrene Nanoplastics Can Alter the Toxicological Effects of Simvastatin on Danio rerio

doi: 10.3390/toxics9030044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics on malformations appearance ( A ), heartbeat ( B ), hatching ( C ) and mortality ( D ) on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos/larvae exposed for 96 h. Results are expressed in average value (AV) ± standard error (SE).

Article Snippet: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/3/44/s1 , Table S1: Reference/calculated data of the selected functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics dispersion from the certificated sheet of the Bangs Laboratories, Inc.; Figure S1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics stock dispersion (at 0.001%); Figure S2: Schematic and microscopic visualization of embryo development of Danio rerio for 96 h, when exposed to control, solvent control, single and dual combinations of SIM and polystyrene NPls.

Techniques:

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Polystyrene Nanoplastics Can Alter the Toxicological Effects of Simvastatin on Danio rerio

doi: 10.3390/toxics9030044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of combined exposure of functionalized nanoplastics (NPls) with simvastatin (SIM) on malformations appearance ( A ), heartbeat ( B ), hatching ( C ) and mortality ( D ) on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos/larvae exposed for 96 h. Results are expressed in average value (AV) ± standard error (SE). * Significant differences to control ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/3/44/s1 , Table S1: Reference/calculated data of the selected functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics dispersion from the certificated sheet of the Bangs Laboratories, Inc.; Figure S1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics stock dispersion (at 0.001%); Figure S2: Schematic and microscopic visualization of embryo development of Danio rerio for 96 h, when exposed to control, solvent control, single and dual combinations of SIM and polystyrene NPls.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Polystyrene Nanoplastics Can Alter the Toxicological Effects of Simvastatin on Danio rerio

doi: 10.3390/toxics9030044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Malformations detected in the organisms after the exposure to combined exposures of nanoplastics (0.015 mg/L) and simvastatin (12.5 or 15 µg/L), from 48 up to 96 h exposure. ( A ) Pericardial edema; ( B ) Yolk sac edema; ( C ) Tail malformation; ( D ) Delayed hatching at 72 h of exposure detected on the combination 0.015 mg/L NPls + 15 µg/L SIM; ( E ) Normal larvae.

Article Snippet: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/3/44/s1 , Table S1: Reference/calculated data of the selected functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics dispersion from the certificated sheet of the Bangs Laboratories, Inc.; Figure S1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics stock dispersion (at 0.001%); Figure S2: Schematic and microscopic visualization of embryo development of Danio rerio for 96 h, when exposed to control, solvent control, single and dual combinations of SIM and polystyrene NPls.

Techniques:

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Polystyrene Nanoplastics Can Alter the Toxicological Effects of Simvastatin on Danio rerio

doi: 10.3390/toxics9030044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Median effect concentration (EC 50 ) for zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed during 96 h to simvastatin (SIM) single versus combined with nanoplastics (NPls).

Article Snippet: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/3/44/s1 , Table S1: Reference/calculated data of the selected functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics dispersion from the certificated sheet of the Bangs Laboratories, Inc.; Figure S1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics stock dispersion (at 0.001%); Figure S2: Schematic and microscopic visualization of embryo development of Danio rerio for 96 h, when exposed to control, solvent control, single and dual combinations of SIM and polystyrene NPls.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Polystyrene Nanoplastics Can Alter the Toxicological Effects of Simvastatin on Danio rerio

doi: 10.3390/toxics9030044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of single versus combined exposures of nanoplastics (NPls) and simvastatin (SIM) on mortality, hatching, heartbeat and malformations appearance on zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed for 96 h.

Article Snippet: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/3/44/s1 , Table S1: Reference/calculated data of the selected functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics dispersion from the certificated sheet of the Bangs Laboratories, Inc.; Figure S1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics stock dispersion (at 0.001%); Figure S2: Schematic and microscopic visualization of embryo development of Danio rerio for 96 h, when exposed to control, solvent control, single and dual combinations of SIM and polystyrene NPls.

Techniques: